Rebirth, or reincarnation, was assumed by most pre-modern Buddhists – and is believed by many modern Buddhists – to be “the way things are” for sentient beings in the cosmos: we have lived before, and likely we will live again. In this third of three talks, I analyze the place of rebirth within modern (post-1800) Buddhism, tracing the history of reception of the idea in the West, and describing it in terms of four possible stances: literalism, neo-traditionalism, modernism, and secularism. I will trace several recent debates about the topic, weighing the evidence and arguments adduced by the participants. By way of conclusion, I will tentatively suggest a way forward in thinking about rebirth in a "disenchanted," scientific age.

Samsara represents the painful cycle of dysfunction and suffering, whereas nirvana epitomizes the liberation inherent in our true nature. Despite our yearning for happiness, we often entangle ourselves in complexity and frustration. This recognition lays the groundwork for the spiritual journey.